Research 7 : Signs in Palmistry that Can Reveal a Person Who Have Criminal or Violent Tendencies

http://susanwong.hubpages.com/hub/Palmistry-signs-Revealing-Criminal-Violent-Tendencies

My topic :
Brain scanning(fMRI) is an effective way to pick out criminals.

What I hope to learn from this source :
About palmistry, what some people think they can detect criminals through it.

Notes :
The author said palmistry can be effective in the study of crimials because it can be used to recognize whether people are 'born criminals' if their environment is responsible.
(BORN CRIMINALS????????? ah... I really can't agree with that.)

 

Signs used in palmistry to detect criminals

-Mout of Mars

-Mount of Venus

Final Thoughts : I found it to put this information in my narration because I agreed with Sam Teacher's opinion :  It would be really interesting if you talked a bit about some of the phonies who claimed they could detect criminals through things like palm-reading or hand-writing. Just an idea.
But this author says like it is a real good way to detect criminal. Em... And even though I read this article, I can't agree to consider palmistry as one of the ways to detect criminals but still I can put it in my narration as one of the ways considered to detect criminals.

Research 6 Lies, detected by scientific investigation

This is also what I've done before writing my first draft but didn't write in my blog

http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?rid=57&contents_id=2379

 

 

 스탄 B. 월터스는 거짓말 탐지법에 관한 서적을 출판하고 법 집행관들에게 심문 기술 향상법을 가르치는 심문 전문가입니다. 그는 상대를 잘 관찰하는 것으로부터 우리의 거짓말 탐지 능력도 좋아질 수 있다고 말합니다. 긴장감은 눈에 보이지 않는 감정의 변화를 일으키고 행동 변화로 나타나게 되는데, 이를 이해하면 거짓말 탐지도 가능하다는 것입니다. 스탄은 이런 말과 행동에 나타나는 변화를 기만 신호라고 부릅니다. 기만과 연관성이 가장 높은 신호들은 부정을 뜻하는 얼굴 주변의 움직임으로 나타납니다. 눈·코· 입·귀 등을 만지거나 강하게 이의를 제기하며 오랫동안 머리를 흔들기도 하고, 몸을 돌려 앉으며 싫은 기색을 나타내기도 합니다. 긴장감은 말투에도 영향을 미칠 수 있는데 이런 언어적 신호는 기만의 징후입니다. 인지적 부조화도 여기에 포함되며 극도의 정신적 긴장감 속에 엉뚱한 말을 하기도 합니다. 보다 큰 범주로 '부정'이라는 신호도 있습니다. 반복적이고 한정적 진술로 대답을 회피하는 것입니다.

용의자의 몸짓·말투·감정에서 기만 신호를 포착하면 진실을 밝히는 데 도움이 됩니다. 심문 전문가 스탄은 철저한 계획에 따라 3단계로 심문해야 한다고 가르칩니다. 목표는 가능한 많은 정보를 얻어내는 것이며 동시에 그 내용도 정확해야 합니다. 1단계에서는 친밀감을 형성합니다. 2단계에서는 이야기를 이끌어 냅니다. 3단계에서는 이의를 제기합니다. 이 마지막 단계에서 형사들은 거짓말로 여겨지는 용의자의 진술 내용에 대해 집중적으로 이의를 제기하고 진술 내용과 모순되는 증거를 찾습니다. 취조실에서는 용의자만 거짓말을 하는 것은 아닙니다. 때때로 용의자를 압박하기 위해 심문관이 거짓말을 하기도 합니다.

- Some of the interrogation experts read behaviour changes to detect lie by observing movement around face suc as shaking head, touching their noses, eyes, lips, and ears. Also, they observe verbal signs like way of speaking and shaking voice.

 

최초의 거짓말 탐지 기술은 1917년 발명된 거짓말 탐지기로, 거짓말을 할 때의 긴장감으로 유발된 생리적 변화를 측정합니다. 거짓말 탐지기의 정확도는 50%~90%까지 차이가 나기 때문에 그 결과가 법정 증거로 인정되는 일은 거의 없습니다. 그러나 최근에는 정확한 거짓말 탐지 기술이 활발하게 연구되고 있습니다. 미국 국방성 연구소에서는 몇몇 최첨단 기술이 개발되고 있는데 가상의 심문관을 만들고 성별, 얼굴의 변화가 거짓말 탐지 실험에 어떤 영향을 주는지 연구합니다.피실험자가질문을 받는 동안 적외선 카메라로 얼굴의 미세한 체온 변화를 기록합니다. 거짓말을 할 때 0.1℃ 정도의 미세한 변화가 아주 짧은 순간 동안 발생하고 순식간에 정상으로 돌아옵니다. 컴퓨터는 육안으로는 볼 수 없는 미세한 체온 변화를 감지하고 정확하게 거짓말 판정을 내립니다. 이외에도 눈의 움직임을 집중적으로 추적하는 기술이 있습니다. 하지만 완전히 신뢰할 수 있는 거짓말 탐지 기술은 아직 없습니다. 

- There are many other ways to detect lie. Infrared light camera is used to observe minute temperature changes of the criminals face. Also, there is a technique that chase eye movement intensively.

 

Research 5 : types of brain imaging techniques

This is the research that I've done before writing my essay but I didn't write in my blog.

http://psychcentral.com/lib/types-of-brain-imaging-techniques/0001057

 

fMRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, is a technique for measuring brain activity. It works by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity – when a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increases to the active area. fMRI can be used to produce activation maps showing which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process.

CT

Computed tomography (CT) scanning builds up a picture of the brain based on the differential absorption of X-rays. During a CT scan the subject lies on a table that slides in and out of a hollow, cylindrical apparatus. An x-ray source rides on a ring around the inside of the tube, with its beam aimed at the subjects head. After passing through the head, the beam is sampled by one of the many detectors that line the machine’s circumference. Images made using x-rays depend on the absorption of the beam by the tissue it passes through. Bone and hard tissue absorb x-rays well, air and water absorb very little and soft tissue is somewhere in between. Thus, CT scans reveal the gross features of the brain but do not resolve its structure well.

PET

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material to map functional processes in the brain. When the material undergoes radioactive decay a positron is emitted, which can be picked up be the detector. Areas of high radioactivity are associated with brain activity.

EEG

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp. The resulting traces are known as an electroencephalogram (EEG) and represent an electrical signal from a large number of neurons.
EEGs are frequently used in experimentation because the process is non-invasive to the research subject. The EEG is capable of detecting changes in electrical activity in the brain on a millisecond-level. It is one of the few techniques available that has such high temporal resolution.

MEG

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices known as SQUIDs. These measurements are commonly used in both research and clinical settings. There are many uses for the MEG, including assisting surgeons in localizing a pathology, assisting researchers in determining the function of various parts of the brain, neurofeedback, and others.

NIRS

Near infrared spectroscopy is an optical technique for measuring blood oxygenation in the brain. It works by shining light in the near infrared part of the spectrum (700-900nm) through the skull and detecting how much the remerging light is attenuated. How much the light is attenuated depends on blood oxygenation and thus NIRS can provide an indirect measure of brain activity.

Research 4 : fMRI 거짓말 탐지기의 현재와 미래 The present and future of fMRI, lie detector

http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1968069&cid=42406&categoryId=42406

My topic :
Brain scanning(fMRI) is an effective way to pick out criminals.

What I hope to learn from this source :
I want to learn the good points and bad points about fMRI.

Notes :

1. The principle of fMRI :

fMRI is a technique that measure the quantity of oxygen in the brain's blood vessels to find which part of our brain is revitalized. Unlike other parts, the synapse of revitalized part of brain get active and the blood rush to that part. The rushed blood brings the difference of blood oxygenation level.

2. Critics about fMRI lie detector :
 According to the study of Jesse Rissman, if someone say something with belief even though it is not real (it means that person has a flase memory), the machine was not able to distinguish it. So the standard between lying and false memory is very obscure.
Also, there is a gap between real world and experiment. Experiments happen in controlled environment but real world doesn't.
There are some differences between studies about the brain part of lying.
People trust fMRI very much. So, the use of fMRI as an evidence can be affected by social contexts.

3. The efficiency of fMRI lie detector :
 There is not much difference between fMRI lie detector and existing lie detector. Both fMRI detector and polygraph are machines that are incomplete, read the signs of lying rather than lie itself.
Detecting lying is the most important thing in cross examination system but the jurors are not good at detecting lie. So, the fMRI lie detector can help them.

Research 3 : Criminal Minds Are Different From Yours, Brain Scans Reveal

Source: Criminal Minds Are Different From Yours, Brain Scans Reveal
http://www.livescience.com/13083-criminals-brain-neuroscience-ethics.html

My Topic:
Brain Scan can help catching criminals.

 
What I hope to learn from this source:
I want to get more evidence except information about ACC from this source.

Notes:
1. Scientists study 21 people with antisocial personality disorder(a condition that characterizes many convicted criminals.) When the scientists compared the brain scans of the antisocial people, they showed on average an 18percent reduction in the volume of the brain's middle frontal gyrus, and a 9 percent reduction in the volume of the orbital frontal gyrus.

2. In another study, scientists compared 27 psychopaths to 32 non-psychopaths. Researchers could observe deformations in the brain part named the amygdala(seat of emotion). The psychopaths showed a thinning of the outer layer of that region,called cortex and 18 percent volume reduction in this part of brain.

3. According to many researches, many of the brain differences can be measured early on in life, long before a persong might develop into actual psychopathic tendencies or commit a crime. Also, the studies showed that these traits are not fixed.

4.Fontaine's studies suggest that kids who display callous and unemotional traits don't respond as well to traditional parenting and punishment methods such as time-outs. Instead of punishing bad behavior, programs that emphasize rewarding good behavior with positive reinforcement seem to work better.

Final Thoughts:

I could get information about various studies of the brain differences between criminal and ordinary human.

 

research

The URL that I'm going to check for my research

http://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2011/jan/21/lying-brain-lie-detector-test

http://www.livescience.com/13083-criminals-brain-neuroscience-ethics.html

http://news.kbs.co.kr/news/NewsView.do?SEARCH_NEWS_CODE=2544676&retRef=Y&source=http://search.naver.com/search.naver?sm=tab_hty.top&where=nexearch&ie=utf8&query=MRI뇌범죄자&&source=http://news.kbs.co.kr/world/2012/10/02/2544676.html

http://www.lawtimes.co.kr/LawNews/News/NewsContents.aspx?serial=49909

http://blog.yes24.com/blog/blogMain.aspx?blogid=plantbact&artSeqNo=3248292 (Korean website)

Research2 : Brain scans predict which criminals are more likely to reoffend

Source:Brain scans predict which criminals are more likely to reoffend http://www.nature.com/news/brain-scans-predict-which-criminals-are-more-likely-to-reoffend-1.12672

My Topic:
We should use brain scan to catch criminals.
 

 What I hope to learn from this source:
From the previous research, I could get information about specific brain part named anterior cingulate cortex(ACC). So, I want to know more about its function.


Notes:
1. There are more studies that can support my idea. Dystopian science fiction of writer Philip K. Dick and a neuroscientist at the non-profit Mind REsearch Network in Albuquerque, Kend Kiehl also insisted that brain scan can be used to find criminals.

2. The opponents can say that the part of the ACC examined in the studis is one of the most frequently activated areas in the human brain across all kinds of tasks and psychological states. Low ACC activity could have a variety of causes- impulsivity, caffeine use, vascular health, low motivation or better neural efficiency- and not all of these are necessarily related to criminal behaviour.

3. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a small region in the front of the brain involved in motor control and executive functioning

Final Thoughts:

I could get information about the role of ACC, but according to the text, there is a limit to use ACC as the only support information for my idea. So, I should find more information that can support my idea.

 

Research1 : Can We Predict Crime Using Brain Scans?

Source:
Can We Predict Crime Using Brain Scans? 

http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/you-illuminated/201304/can-we-predict-crime-using-brain-scans

 

My Topic:
We can use brain scan to catch criminals.
 
What I hope to learn from this source:
I want to know whether brain scan can really find criminals out. If brain scan can find criminals, I want to know how they can find criminals.

Notes

1. Postdoctoral scientist Eyal Aharoni, working at the University of New Mexico studied about criminal's brain by using brain scan. During the scan, the criminals performed some kinds of test(To press the button whey they saw X, and not to press the button whey they saw K). According to the result, impulsive people have a more difficult time preventing themselves from pressing a ‘K’ so they make more errors than the average person.   

2.After the criminals were released, Eyal kept an eye on that criminals for 3 years. More than half of them committed violent crimes again. So, Eyal compared the brain scans that they did before release. As a result, prisoners with the least activation in the anterior cingulate cortex during the task were most likely to commit a crime in the three years after being released-(Brain part named anterior cingulate cortex is related to the difference of criminal's brain)
 

3.The level of brain activation can also predict how long it would take before the person committed the crime.
 

Final Thoughts:
I could get information of reliable experiment which can support my idea(= brain scan should be used to catch criminals.) However, I want to find more information that can support my idea. Also, I still have question about how people can find criminals by using brain scan.